Population Growth and Movement in the Industrial Revolution

During the first Industrial Revolution, Britain experienced massive changes—scientific discoveries, expanding gross national product, new technologies, and new buildings and structure types. At the same time, the population changed—it grew in number, became more urbanized, healthier, and better-educated. There is evidence for some in-migration of the population from the rural areas and foreign countries as the Industrial Revolution got underway. But, while the growth was certainly a contributing factor in the revolution, providing the vast industrial expansion a workforce it urgently needed, the revolution also worked to increase urban populations too. Higher wages and better diets brought people together to meld into new urban cultures. Population Growth Historical studies indicate that between 1700 and 1750, the population of England stayed relatively flat, with little growth. Precise figures dont exist for the period before the establishment of a nationwide census, but it is clear from existing historic records that Britain experienced a demographic explosion in the latter half of the century. Some estimates suggest that between 1750 and 1850, the population in England more than doubled. Given that the population growth occurred when England experienced the first industrial revolution, the two are likely connected. People did relocate from the rural regions into large cities to be closer to their new factory workplaces, but studies have ruled out sheer immigration as the largest factor. The population increase came from internal factors, such as changes in marriage age, improvements in health allowing more children to live, and an increase in the number of births. More and Younger Marriages In the first half of the 18th century, Britons had a relatively late age of marriage compared to the rest of Europe, and a large percentage of people never married at all. But suddenly, the average age of people marrying for the first time fell, as did the rates of people never marrying, which ultimately led to more children. The birth rate in Britain also rose to out-of-wedlock births. As young people moved into the cities, they met more people and increased their chances of matches over sparsely populated rural areas. Although estimates of the precise percentage of real term wage increase vary, scholars agree that it rose as a result of growing economic prosperity, allowing people to feel comfortable starting families. Falling Death Rates Over the period of the industrial revolution, the death rates in Britain began to fall and people began to live longer. This might be surprising given that the newly crowded cities were rife for disease and illness, with an urban death rate higher than the rural areas, but overall health improvements and a better diet (from improved food production and wages to buy it) offset that. The rise in live births and drop in death rate has been attributed to a number of factors, including the end of the plague (this happened too many years before), or that the climate was altering, or that hospitals and medical technology had made advances such as smallpox vaccines. But today, the increase in marriage and birth rates is held to be the main reason for the sheer growth in population numbers. Spreading Urbanization Technological and scientific developments meant industries were able to build factories outside of London, and so multiple cities in England became increasingly larger, creating urban environments in smaller centers, where people went to work in factories and other mass places of work. The population of London doubled in the 50 years from 1801 to 1851, and at the same time, the populations in the towns and cities across the nation blossomed as well. These areas were frequently bad as the expansion happened so quickly and people were crammed together into tiny living spaces, with dirt and disease, but they were not poor enough to stop the lengthening of the average lifespan. It was the industrial revolutions population movement which began the era of the urban population, but the continued growth within the urban environments can be more justifiably credited to birth and marriage rates within those environments. After this period, the relatively small cities were no longer relatively small. Now Britain was filled with many huge cities producing enormous quantities of industrial products, products and a way of life soon to be exported to Europe and the world. Sources Clark, Gregory. Chapter 5 - the Industrial Revolution. Handbook of Economic Growth. Eds. Aghion, Philippe, and Steven N. Durlauf. Vol. 2: Elsevier, 2014. 217-62. Print.de Vries, Jan. The Industrial Revolution and the Industrious Revolution. The Journal of Economic History 54.2 (2009): 249–70. Print.Feinstein, Charles H. Pessimism Perpetuated: Real Wages and the Standard of Living in Britain During and after the Industrial Revolution. The Journal of Economic History 58.3 (2009): 625–58. Print.Goldstone, Jack A. Efflorescences and Economic Growth in World History: Rethinking the Rise of the West and the Industrial Revolution. Journal of World History 13.2 (2002): 323–89. Print.Kelly, Morgan, Joel Mokyr, and Cormac Ó Grà ¡da. Precocious Albion: A New Interpretation of the British Industrial Revolution. Annual Review of Economics 6.1 (2014): 363–89. Print.Wrigley, E. A. Energy and the English Industrial Revolution. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 371.1986 (2013). Print.Wrigley, E. A, and Roger Schofield. The Population History of England 1541–1871. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989. Print.

Representation of Different Social and Cultural Forces in...

Representation of Different Social and Cultural Forces in The Handmaids Tale by Atweeon and Hard Times by Dickens â€Å"Masses of labourers, organised like soldiers, are daily and hourly enslaved by the machine, by the over-looker and above all by the individual bourgeois manufacturer himself†, Karl Marx in his Manifesto of the Communist Party 1848 here highlights the state portrayed through Charles Dickens’s ‘Hard Times’. Margaret Atwood highlights the similarity with her book saying â€Å"it is a study of power, and how it operated and how it deforms or shapes the people who are living within that kind of regime†. Defined as an act that prevents the natural or normal expression, activity or development;†¦show more content†¦Atwood, in the 1980’s aimed to write about â€Å"what happens when certain casually held attitudes about women are taken to their logical conclusion† (Atwood), therefore offering a vision; a warning. Atwood’s writing stems from social movements familiar to herself – the treatment of women from the 196 0’s liberation movements and civil rights appear dominant in her novel; population control also takes a major theme. Dickens, in 1854 likewise attempted to offer a vision; a vision that challenged the utilitarian philosophy of the time in Industrial Britain. From the 1820’s-1850’s â€Å"Benthamism represented of the prominent exemplar of scientific and materialistic reasoning with respect to social and government activity†[ii]. Benthamism, named after the work of Jeremy Bentham sought to develop a scientific legislation to effect social progress – it has been directly linked by many critics to the instigation of social reforms in industrial Britain such as the reforms act of 1832. Dickens’ novel is therefore a product of this period; a â€Å"novel that uses its characters and stories to expose the massive gulf between rich and poor and to criticize the unfeeling self-interest of the middle-upper classes†[iii]. From a Structuralist out look using binary opposites, Dickens highlights the battle between utilitarianism and individualism, similar to Atwood who, following a binary

Racism A Long Way From The End Of Colonialism Essay

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Importance of IT for Career-Free-Samples for Students-Myassignment

Questions: 1.What does IT mean to you? 2.Why IT is important to your career? 3.How does IT supports business processes and links them together? 4.What are some of the emerging technologies? 5.What is Enterprise Architecture? 6.What are the main risks associated with implementation of new Information Systems? Answers: 1.In this busy, competitive era, Information technology plays an important almost everywhere. It is quite interesting to note that IT touches all parts of life. From e-governance to online tutorials, there is IT everywhere. This is why kids, graduates and professionals should understand IT! Without the help of information technology, the process of sending, retrieving and storing information becomes very difficult (Leon et al., 2009). IT is a combination of many elements. This includes hardware, software and firmware. Almost everyone in the 21st century should be aware of the information technology to grow. 2.With respect to career, information technology plays an integral role. Here are few ways IT can influence your career: You will be able to reach global markets at a faster rate. With the help of software programs and hardware devices, you can target better and bigger markets (Leon et al., 2009). Life becomes easier with information technology. For instance, tasks like creating, sharing and evaluating resumes become a cake walk. IT helps businesses keep up with the demand and supply of candidates. One should be curious and anxious about IT developments to win the race. Information technology binds various business processes together (Gerstein et al., 1982). May it be the finances, technology (itself) or resources, IT is required to keep everything going. Here are few ways IT influences businesses: Most business transactions and finances are managed over the internet. There are computers, networks and security programs to handle the flow of money. Technology is an industry where millions of hands brains come together. Knowledge transfer becomes easier with IT. Resources are able to connect and transfer information with IT! Business communications have become effortless and seamless (Gerstein et al., 1982). 4.Even today, there are so many emerging technologies. These technologies are expected to make life better and affordable. For example, cloud computing is one of the next biggest things in the industry. CC is already in the market. However, there is plenty of scope for growth and advancements. Likewise, nanotechnology is an edgy division of IT! It focuses on making things smaller, but efficient 5.IT would become difficult or rather impossible without a reliable enterprise architecture. It is important for organizations to invest on enterprise architectures (Kappelman, 2010). These are blueprints that can result in great IT solutions. The architecture brings together hardware devices, software programs and human beings. This is where many risks are identified and mitigated. 6.Potential risks with new information systems are (Mizoguchi, 2012): Inexperienced minds Expensive devices and unaffordable enterprise strategies Unclear motives References Gerstein, M., Reisman, H. (1982). Creating competitive advantage with computer technology, Journal of Business Strategy, vol. 3(1), 53-60 Kappelman, L. A. (2010). Enterprise Architecture: Not Just another Management Fad. Available at https://www.ittoday.info/Articles/Enterprise_Architecture.htm [Accessed on 10th Aug 2017] Leon, A. Leon, M. (2009). Fundamentals of Information Technology, 2E. New Delhi, India: Vikas Publishing House Mizoguchi, T. (2012). Information Technology Risks in Today's Environment. Available at https://chapters.theiia.org/sandiego/Documents/Seminars/SD_IIA___ISACA_Event_041112_Deloitte_IA_Top_Ten_Risks.pdf [Accessed on 10th Aug 2017]